British coins have evolved significantly over the centuries, and the methods used to produce them have evolved as well. Here's an overview of how British coins have been made through different historical periods:
Hammered Coins (Pre-17th Century):
- Hammered coins were the earliest form of coinage in Britain and were produced by hand.
- Using a blank piece of metal, usually a silver or gold alloy, this was placed between two dies.
- A mint worker, known as a moneyer, would then strike the upper die with a hammer, imprinting the design onto the blank metal disc.
- The striking process was repeated until the desired shape and thickness were achieved.
Early Milled Coins (17th-18th Century):
- Milled coins marked a transition from hammered coinage to more standardised production methods.
- Instead of being struck by hand, milled coins were produced using machinery.
- A screw press was typically used, where a blank metal disc was placed between two dies, and pressure was applied by turning a screw.
- This allowed for more consistent size and weight compared to hammered coins, but the edges were often irregular.
Milled Coins (Late 18th-20th Century):
- Milled coins continued to be produced using similar methods as in the early milled period, but with improvements in technology.
- Coin blanks were cut from metal strips using machinery and then fed into presses for striking.
- The introduction of steam-powered and later electric-powered presses increased the efficiency and speed of coin production.
- The edges of milled coins were often milled with reeds or other patterns for security and to deter clipping.
Modern Coins (20th Century-Present):
- Modern British coins are produced using advanced machinery and techniques.
- Coin blanks are typically made from metal strips that are punched out into discs of the required size.
- These blanks are then fed into high-speed coin presses where the designs are stamped onto both sides simultaneously.
- Quality control measures such as automated inspection systems ensure consistency and accuracy in production.
- Modern coins often feature intricate designs and security features to deter counterfeiting.
Throughout these stages, the materials used for British coins have also changed. Initially, coins were made from precious metals like silver and gold. However, due to economic reasons, modern coins are typically made from base metals such as copper, nickel, and zinc, with only commemorative or collector coins being made from precious metals.
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